![]() Excessive arrest rates and overrepresentation in northern prisons were seen by many whites-liberals and conservatives, northerners and southerners-as indisputable proof of blacks’ inferiority. We know less about the role of the urban North in shaping views of race and crime in American society.įollowing the 1890 census, the first to measure the generation of African Americans born after slavery, crime statistics, new migration and immigration trends, and symbolic references to America as the promised land of opportunity were woven into a cautionary tale about the exceptional threat black people posed to modern urban society. Lynch mobs, chain gangs, and popular views of black southern criminals that defined the Jim Crow South are well known. ![]() “ brilliant work that tells us how directly the past has formed us.”-Darryl Pinckney, The New York Review of Books On the NPR podcast Throughline, listen to Khalil Gibran Muhammad explicate the parallel development of policing in America’s north and south-which in both regions hinged on the use of brutal force to control Black Americans: ![]()
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